直接引语转换为间接引语的关键――时态
在我们平时的考试中对直接引语的考查主要体现在对时态、语态、交际等各种具体语法项目的考察上,并已形成了在具体的语境和交际中综合考查语法基本知识的模式。一般来讲,说话人讲的内容可以用两种方式来引用,即直接引语和间接引语。前者是直接引用别人的原话;后者是转述别人的话。如:hesaid,"iamveryhappy."为直接引语。而hesaidthathewasveryhappy.为间接引语。said称为引话动词,它前面的主语he称为第一主语。引语中的主语,如i及he,称为第二主语。引语中的谓语动词称为第二动词。当直接引语转换为间接引语时,可能会涉及到动词、时态、人称、句型等的变化,现在就时态在转换中需要注意的问题向大家做一介绍。
直接引语在改为间接引语时,时态需要做相应的变化。一般规律是:现在时改为过去时;过去时改为完成时;过去完成时不变。如:
shesaid,"ihadbeenhereforthreedaysbeforeimetjim."→shesaidshehadbeenthereforthreedaysbeforeshemetjim.
shesaid,"weagreewitheachother."→shesaidtheyagreedwitheachother.
但更要注意在以下几种情况下,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一般不变化。
1)若直接引语为一般现在时,且表示反复出现或经常性、习惯性的动作时。如:
tomsaid,“ihavelunchatschooleveryday.”
→tomsaidthathehaslunchatschooleveryday.
2)直接引语中有具体的表示过去时间的年、月、日作状语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。如:
isaid,"iwasbornondecember2l,1960."→
isaidiwasbornondecember21,1960.
3)若直接引语所表述的事在目前和说话时同样有效时。如:
shesaid,“ilikeplayingfootball.”
→shesaidthatshelikesplayingfootball.
4)若直接引语表述的是客观事实、科学真理和格言时。如:
theoldmansaid,“therearetwelvemonthsayear.”
→theoldmansaidthattherearetwelvemonthsayear.
5)若主句的时态是一般现在时、现在完成式、现在进行时或一般将来时时。如:
heoftensays,“iwillneverforgetyou.”→heoftensayshewillneverforgetme.
hewillsay,“ihavedonemybest.”→hewillsaythathehasdonehisbest.
6)若直接引语是过去完成时。如:
thegirlsaidtohermother,“ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforesupper.”
→thegirltoldhermotherthatshehadfinishedherhomeworkbeforesupper.
7)若在当天转述别人的话,且直接引语中含有明确的表示过去的时间状语时。如:
lilysaidtome,“iwaslateforclassyesterday.”
→lilytoldmethatshewaslateforclassyesterday.
8)若直接引语中含有when,since,while等引导的表示过去的时间状语从句,变间接引语时,从句时态不变。如:
shesaid,“iwenttherewheniwassixyearsold.”
→shesaidshehadgonetherewhenshewassixyearsold.
9)若对刚说过的话马上转述时。如:共
jim:ihavebeenateacher.
lucy:whatdidjimsay?
tom:jimsaidthathehasbeenateacher.
10)若直接引语的谓语中含有would,should,might,must,usedto,oughtto,hadbetter等情态动词没有过去时的形式或已经是过去时的形式,变为间接引语时,时态不再变化。如:
shesaid,“weshouldhelpeachother.”
→shesaidweshouldhelpeachother.
【跟踪精练】
1.hesaidthat________atsixeverymorning.
a.hegotup b.hegetsup c.igetup d.igotup
2.misslisaysthatshe________inbeijinginoctober,1980.
a. isborn b.hasbeenborn c.wasborn d.beingborn
3.shesaidthatpractice_____perfectknowledge.
a.makes b.made c.hasbeenmade d.hasmade
4.shesays,"iwillrememberyou."→shesaysthat________.
a. shewillrememberme b.iwouldrememberyou
c.sheremembersme d.iwillrememberyou
5.mr.zhangsaidthatliutao________goodstudent.
a.wasa b.isa c.hasbeen d.hadbeen
6.hesaid,"theyhadleftwhenigothere."→hesaidthatthey________whenhegotthere.
a.haveleft b.hadleft c.left d.wasleaving
7.myteachersaidi______forschoolwheniwasyoung.
a. usedtobelater b.usedtobeinglate c.hadusedtobelate d.usedtobelate
8.shesaidthattheplane________at9:20a.m.
a. willtakeoff b.takesoff c.wouldtakeoff d.tookoff
9. heissayingtomethat________.
a.hewaswatchingtvwhenshecamein
b.hehadbeenwatchedtvwhenshecamein
c.iwaswatchingtvwhenshewascomingin
d.iwatchedtvwhenshecamein
10.hesaidwherethereisawill,thereisaway.
a. wherethereisawill,thereisaway
b.wheretherewasawill,therewasaway
c.wheretherehasbeenawill,therehasbeenaway
d.wheretherehaveawill,therehaveawill
keys:1-5bcaab 6-10bdbaa
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