【专题五】动词的时态和语态
【考点分析】1.对下列十种时态的考查:一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时现在完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成时 将来完成时 过去将来时2.既考查时态又考查语态;3.考查动词的及物与不及物;4.考查主动形式表示被动意义;5.考查动词词组在被动语态中的介词问题;6.对被动语态习惯句型的考查。【知识点归纳】i.动词时态和语态的构成形式
主动语态的构成
一般现在时
一般过去时
do/does,(is/am/are)
did,(was/were)
现在进行时
过去进行时
is/am/aredoing
was/weredoing
现在完成时
过去完成时
has/havedone
haddone
现在完成进行时
过去完成进行时
has/havebeendoing
hadbeendoing
一般将来时
过去将来时
will/shalldo
is/am/aregoingtodo
is/am/are(about)todo
would/shoulddo
was/weregoingtodo
was/were(about)todo
被动语态的构成
一般现在时
一般过去时
is/am/aredone
was/weredone
现在进行时
过去进行时
is/am/arebeingdone
was/werebeingdone
现在完成时
过去完成时
has/havebeendone
hadbeendone
一般将来时
过去将来时
will/shallbedone
is/am/aregoingtobedone
is/am/are(about)tobedone
would/shouldbedone
was/weregoingtobedone
was/were(about)tobedone
ii.动词时态的用法1.一般现在时①一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言,目前的特征、状态、能力等;②主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来;i’llgothereafterifinishmywork.ifitrainstomorrow,iwon’tgothere.③在以here,there开头的句子里,go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作;theregoesthebell.铃响了。therecomesthebus.汽车来了。hereshecomes.她来了。注意:近几年,对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰monthsagowesailedtenthousandmilesacrosstheopensea,which_____thepacific,andwemetnostorm.a.wascalled b.iscalled c.hadbeencalled d.hasbeencalled虽然航海发生在过去,但是,海洋的名称不会因此而变化,所以要用一般现在时。
2.现在进行时①表示正在进行的动作;②表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。sheisleavingforbeijing.她要去北京。heisworkingasateachertomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。myfatheriscomingtoseemethissaturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。③代替一般现在时,描绘更加生动。thechangjiangriverisflowingintotheeast.江水滚滚向东流。thesunisrisingintheeast.太阳从东方冉冉升起。④与always,forever,constantly, continually连用,表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩,但并非强调动作正在进共13页,当前第1页12345678910111213行; heisalwayshelpingothers.他总是肯帮助他人。sheisalwaysforgettingsomething.她老是忘记某些事情。⑤大多数动词可用于进行时,但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有:▲感觉类:look,smell, feel,sound,taste,see,hear▲情感类:like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear▲心态类:wish,hope,expect, want,need,believe,think,understand,agree,knowt▲所有类:have,contain,won,hold,belongto等。3.现在完成时 ①表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,或说话时已完成的动作;ihavefinishedthereport./shehascleanedtheroom. ②表示从过去开始,待续到现在的动作或状态,往往和“for...”,“since...”表述的一段时间状语连用;hehaslearnedenglishforsixyears./theyhaveworkedheresincetheyleftcollege.③表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用“have/hasbeento”;表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“have/hasgoneto”。—whereislihua? -hehasgonetothereading-room.—sheknowsalotaboutshanghai. -shehasbeenthere.④在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作。whenyouhavelearnedenglish,youwillfinditabridgetosomuchknowledge.we’llstartatsixifithasstoppedrainingbythen.注意:这里的现在完成时强调从句动作在主句动作之前完成,如果两个动作同时或几乎同时发生,则不必用完成时;试比较:i’llletyouknowassoonasihearfromher.shewillcallyouwhenshegetshome.⑤短暂动词(即瞬间动词),join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start,breakout等,在完成时态中,其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。要译“他参军已经三年了”不能说:hehasjoinedthearmythreeyears.可采用:▲“ago法”:hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago.▲“延续法”:hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.▲“since法”:itis/hasbeenthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.注意:没有包括“现在”在内或不是截至“现在”为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用,但“in(over)thepast/last+时间段”要与现在完成时连用。4.现在完成进行时 ①用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(或今后还要继续一去)的动作;hehasbeendoingthemathsproblemssince8:00.②凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。5.一般过去时 ①表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况,或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或为;heoftensangwhenhewasaboy.hewenttothecinemalastnightwithherboyfriend. ②用于ididn’tknow…或iforgot…,表示事先不知道或不记得,但现在已知道或记得的事情。共13页,当前第2页12345678910111213 用于ididn’tknow…或iforgot…,表示事先不知道或不记得,但现在已知道或记得的事情。 ididn’tknowyouwerehere.(现在已经知道)sorry,iforgottobringmybook.(“忘记带书”已成为过去的事了)这一用法考生要特别注意。注意:参看过去将来时的用法②。6.过去进行时①表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间须用时间状语表示);hewaspreparinghislecturealldayyesterday.②表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行;theywerestillworkingwhenileft.③用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生;iwaswritingwhilehewaswatchingtv.④过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于come,go,leave,arrive,start,move,sail,fly,travel,stay等);hesaidshewasarrivingthenextday.⑤与always,forever,constantly,continually连用,表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩。(参看现在进行时的用法④)comradeleifengwasalwaysthinkingofothersneverthinkingofhimself.⑥过去进行时可用来描绘故事发行的背景。thewindwasblowinganditwasraininghard.7.过去完成时 ①表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。hehadshutthedoorbeforethedogcameup.everythinghadbeenallrightuptillthismorning. ②表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成,甚至还要继续下去。attheageoften,hehadlearned500englishwords.hehadbeenillforaweekwhenwelearnedaboutit. ③过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望(只限于think,want,plan,mean,intend,hope,expect,suppose,wish,want等动词)。ihadwantedtopayavisittoyouyesterday,buttherainpreventedme.我本来想昨天拜访你的,但是下雨(让我不能来)。 注意:▲过去完成时必须以过去某一时刻为基点,即“过去的过去”。因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它;▲before,after本身表示时间的“前”“后”明显,因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。he(had)leftbeforeiarrived.8.一般将来时一般将来时有下列一些构成形式需要记住: ▲will/shalldo(侧重将来行为,不突出计划安排去做某事) ▲begoingtodo(主观上打算或客观上可能发生) ▲bedoing(按计划将要发生,常和表示最近的将来时间连用)▲beabouttodo(按计划即将发生)一般将来时的用法:①现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态tomwillcomenextweek.hewillbeheretomorrow.②事物的固有属性或必然趋势oilwillfloatinwater.fishwilldiewithoutwater.③对将来某个动作的安排、计划 heisgoingtospeakontvthisevening.9.将来完成时 用来表示在将来某个时刻(前)将完成的动作。常和by短语,when,before引起的时间状语连用。wewillhavefinishedseniorbook2bytheendofthisterm.10.过去将来时①过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图打算(主要用于宾语从句中);共13页,当前第3页12345678910111213shewassureshewouldsucceed.ithoughtyouwouldcome.把一般将来时中的助动词变成过去式,便成了过去将来时的表达形式。②表示过去经常发生的动作。 whenhewasyoung,hewouldgoswimming.注意:would与usedto的区别:would只表示过去,不涉及现在,而usedto表示“过去常常”要与现在比较,即现在不是这样了。11.要求一定时态的固定的句型①was/weredoingsth.when…didsth.(正在做某事,这时突然……)iwasreadingabookwhenthebellrang.②was/wereabouttodosth.when…didsth.(正要做某事,这时突然……)wewereabouttoleavewhenthetelephonerang.③it(this)is(willbe)thefirst/second/third…time+that…it’sthefirsttimei’veseenher.wehavebeentherethreetimes.如果句中有比较确定的时间状语,则服从时间状语的要求。lastyearisawhimmanytimes.④itis/hasbeen…since…itis(hasbeen)twoweekssinceicamehere.shesaiditwasfivehourssinceshehadfinishedherwork.⑤hardly…when…\nosooner…than…hardlyhadwegotinthecropswhenitbegantorain.ihadnosoonercomeintotheroomthanthedoorwasclosed.⑥it(this)is(willbe)thefirst/second/third…time+that…thisisthefirsttimeihavebeenhere.it'llbethefirsttimei'vespokeninpublic.iii.被动语态的用法被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象,一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为"be+及物动词的过去分词"。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时,由"情态动词(can,maymust,haveto等)+be+动词的-ed形式。含有"begoingto,beto,usedto,beaboutto"等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时,其构成为"begoingto(beto,usedto,beaboutto)+be+动词的-ed形式"构成。1.被动语态的适用范围①当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。thisjacketismadeofcotton.这件上衣是棉料的。②为了强调动作的承受者时 visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits. 要求参观者不可触摸展品。③出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者youaresaidtobeactiverecently.据说你最近很活跃。常用于如下句型:it'snotknownthat………不得而知 it'ssaidthat…据说……it'sreportedthat…据报道…… it'snotdecidedthat…尚未决定it'sbelievedthat…据认为…… it'sannouncedthat…据宣布……2.被动语态的句型①常见句式是:主语(受动者)+be+过去分词+(by+施动者)hewasscoldedbytheenglishteacher.②主语+get+过去分词+其它成分theboygotdrownedlastsummer./shegotfiredbecauseofherfaults.共13页,当前第4页12345678910111213使用这种结构不能带有“by+施动者”在现代英语中大量地出现了由"get+及物动词的过去分词"构成的被动语态,这就叫做get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限,通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。▲get+及物动词的过去分词 get常同marry,beat,break,damage,tear,strike,hurt,paint,invite,repair,dress,pay,wound等动词的-ed形式连用,构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身,常指"最后终于,突然发生"等意义。hegotwoundedinthebattle.他在战斗中受伤了。theboygothurtonhiswayhomefromwork.男孩在回家的路上受伤了。▲get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中,也不宜与see,hear,watch,listento等感官动词构成被动语态。theoldmanwasofferedalargesumofmoney.(正)有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。theoldmangotofferedalargesumofmoney.(误)▲get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩hegottaughtalesson.他被教训了一顿。(有“活该”之意)howdidthewindowgetclosed.窗户怎么关上了?(有“不该关上’之意)▲get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态,而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。 shegottired.她感到累了。(有开始感到疲劳的含义)shewastired.(只表示”她累了”)③带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为动句,其主语可以是直接宾语,也可以是间接宾语。shelentmeabike.®被动:▲iwaslentabike(byher).▲abikewaslenttome(byher).④情态动词+be+过去分词thisproblemmustbeworkedoutinhalfanhour. ⑤双重被动式:主语+被动式谓语+不定式的被动式+其它成分thesemagazinesarenotallowedtobetakenoutofthereading-room.themurdererwasorderedtobeshot.3.主动表示被动的几种情况①不及物动词与状语连用,用以表示主语的品质和状态常见动词是:cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等thisknifecutswell.这把刀好切。thesebookssellwell.这些书好卖。thepenwritessmoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。meatwon’tkeeplonginsuchhotweather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。theclothwasheswell.这种布好洗。 ②一些连系动词的主动式+形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turnout等theapplestastegood.theflowersmellswonderful.thenewsproved/turnedouttruecottonfeelssoft.4.不可变为被动语态的几种情况 ①当句子的宾语是反身代词时(因为反身代词不可作主语)hecandresshimself.他能自己穿衣服。不可变为himselfcanbedressedbyhim. ②当句子的宾语是相互代词时(因为相互代词不可作主语)wehelpeachother/oneanother.不可变为eachother/oneanotherishelpedbyus. ③动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式,不能用被动式helostheart.不可变为heartwaslostbyhim.共13页,当前第5页12345678910111213类似loseheart词组的还有makeaface,keepsilence,keepwords,loseinthought等等 ④takepartin,belongto,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态shetookpartinthesportsmeet.不能变为thesportsmeetwastakenpartinbyher.⑤当have,cost,fit,last,hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时ourvillagehastwentytractors.我们村有20台拖拉机。thehallcanholdXXpeople.这个大厅能盛XX人thewarlastedfouryears. 这场战争持续了4年⑥当某些及物动词(如leave,enter,join,等)的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时thestudentsenteredtheclassroomonebyone.学生门陆续地进了教室。mybrotherjoinedthepartytwoyearsago.我哥哥2年前入了党。myfatherlefthishometownfiveyearsago.我父亲5年前离开了家乡。⑦当句子的宾语是同源宾语时thebrownsliveahappylife.布朗一家过着幸福的生活。⑧当句子的宾语为行为者(主语)身体上某一部分时icouldn'tbelievemyeyeswhenisawhimstillalive.看到他还活着,我简直不相信自己的眼睛。hehurthisfootbyjumpingoverafence.他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。⑨当用非谓语动词作宾语时helikesstudyingenglish.他喜欢学习英语iwishtogotheremyself.我想亲自去那里一趟注意:少数以不定式(短语)做宾语的动词(如agree,feel,decide,think等)可以变为被动句,但不能以不定式(短语)直接做被动句的主语,而要借助it为先行主语,将不定式(短语)置于谓语动词之后hehasdecidedtogoandstudyabroad.→ithasbeendecided(byhim)togoandstudyabroad.他已决定出国留学。5.含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢 muchattentionmustbepaidtoyourhandwriting.【高考预测】1.—whydidn’tyoubuythecalculator?—i______,butmother______allowme.a.wouldwantto;didn’t b.hadwantedto;didn’tc.wantedto;wouldn’t d.hadwantedto;wouldn’t2.—thisreturnedscholarhasbecomeoneofthetopexpertsinthisfield.—yes,iknowhimverywell.he______fortenyearsataninstituteintheusa.a.hasworked b.hadworked c.worked d.hasbeenworking3.we_______dinneratsixo’clockwhenjstv_______toshowthefilm“ifyouarenottheone”.a.arehaving;willstart b.willbehaving;startsc.have;willstart d.willhavehad;starts共13页,当前第6页123456789101112134.—isrobertabroad?—ithinkso.he_____forabetterjob,buthedidn’tgetit.a.hopes b.hashoped c.washoped d.hadhoped5.mr.wang_____tabletenniswell,thoughhesuffersfromawaistpainand_____itforalongtime.a.played;hasnotplayed b.plays;hadnotplayedc.plays;didnotplay d.plays;hasnotplayed6.—isn’titagreatsurprisethatihappenedtomeetmyuniversityenglishteacheratthesouthbankparklandlastweek?—howlong____you_____eachother,then?a.hadn’t;seen b.haven’t;seen c.didn’t;see d.don’t;see7.itissaidthatthemeeting______forthreehours.whyshouldiregretmissingit?!a.haslasted b.hasbeenlasting c.lasted d.hadlasted8.whatiwantedtoknowwaswhenandwherethemeeting______.a.washolding b.hadheld c.wastohold d.wastobeheld9.一isthereanypossiblewaytohelpthemgetridofsuchabadhabit?一totellthetruth,it’sveryhard.butwe onthisproblem.a.worked b.hadworked c.areworking d.hadbeenworking10.—isthereanythingwrongwithyou,jake?youlooksopale.—ifeelverytired.i_____onthisboringpapereverydaysofarthismonth.a.work b.havebeenworking c.hadbeenworking d.amworking共13页,当前第7页1234567891011121311.—lookout,thereisabusahead.—oh,dear,_________a.iamnotnoticingit b.ihaven’tnoticedit c.iwasn’tnoticingit d.ihadnotnoticedit12.thetruckrandownthehill,andthedriver_________,accordingtothelocalnewspaper,tohavebeenkilled.a.wasreported b.wasreporting c.reported d.hadbeenreported13.hewillcometoseeyouthemomenthe hiswork.a.willfinish b.finishes c.wouldfinish d.hadfinished14.thenewscameasnosurprisetome.i forsometimethatthefactorywasgoingtoshutdown.a.knew b.hadknown c.haveknown d.know15.—i'mgoingtotheusa.—howlong you there?a.are;staying b.are;stayed c.have;stayed d.did;stay16.—tom,it’stimethatyou_______yourownclothes.—iwouldratheryou_______thatformejustlikebefore.a.washed;haddone b.wash;havedone c.washed;havedone d.wash;hadwashed17.it’sreportedthatbytheendofthisyeartheoutputofcarsofthefactory byabout20%a.willhaverisen b.willberaised c.willrise d.willhavebeenrisen18.—hadwebeenmorecareful,theaccidentmightnothavehappened.—butwe_____atthattime.共13页,当前第8页12345678910111213a.hadn’t b.didn’t c.weren’t d.mightnot19.—i’msureandrewwillcomeoutfirstinthisgymnasticcompetition.—ithinkso.he______ foritformonths.a.ispreparing b.waspreparing c.hadbeenpreparing d.hasbeenpreparing20.—misswangonce artatbardonschoolfortenyearsandnowisasinger.—nowonderioftenhearhersinginthegarden.a.hadtaught b.taught c.isteaching d.hasbeenteaching21.—iwonderhowlongyou_____inhawaii.—justfortheweekend,thenihadtoattendaconferenceinlosangeles.a.willstay b.werestaying c.havestayed d.stayed22.—i’msorry,ishouldn’thavebeensorudetoyou. —you________yourtemperbutthat’sok.a.havelost b.hadlost c.didlose d.werelosing23.—hi,nancy,i youhadcomeback.sohaveyougraduatedfromcollege? —yes.i_______frenchforfouryearsinnanjing.a.don’tknow,havestudied b.didn’tknow,hadstudied c.didn’tknow,studied d.don’tknow,amstudying24.____intheregulationsthatyoushouldnottellotherpeoplethepasswordofyoure-mailaccount.a.whatisrequired b.whatrequires c.itisrequired d.itrequiresthat共13页,当前第9页1234567891011121325.—doyouthinkweshouldacceptthatoffer?—yes,weshould,forwe______suchbadluckuptillnow,andtime______out.a.havehad;isrunning b.had;isrunning c.have;hasbeenrun d.havehad;hasbeenrun26.—youwereoutwhenidroppedinatyourhouse.—oh,i_______forafriendfromenglandattheairport.a.waswaiting b.hadwaited c.amwaiting d.havewaited27.—whatwereyoudoingwhentonyphonedyou? —ihadjustfinishedmyworkand___totakeashower.a.hadstarted b.started c.havestarted d.wasstarting28.greatasnewtonwas,manyofhisideas_____todayandarebeingmodifiedbytheworkofscientistsofourtime. a.aretochallenge b.maybechallenged c.havebeenchallenged d.arechallenged29.—wouldyouliketojoinusinplayingthegame?—i’msorry,butmyhomework______bynow.a.hasn’tfinished b.hasn’tbeenfinished c.isn’tfinished d.won’tbefinished30.withmoreforestsbeingdestroyed,hugequantitiesofgoodearth_____eachyear.a.iswashingaway b.isbeingwashedawayc.arewashingaway d.arebeingwashedaway31.theboyinsistedthathe themoneyandhe atonce.a.notsteal;besetfree b.hadn'tstolen;besetfreec.didn'tsteal;shouldbesetfree d.hadn'tstolen;setfree32.asyourspokenenglishgetsbetter,so_____yourwrittenenglish.a.will b.does c.is d.has共13页,当前第10页1234567891011121333.—tom,youdidn’tcometothepartylastnight?—i______,butisuddenlyrememberedihadhomeworktodo.a.hadto b.didn’t c.wasgoingto d.wouldn’t34.—whydoestheriversmellterrible? —becauselargequantitiesofwater__________. a.havepolluted b.isbeingpolluted c.hasbeenpolluted d.havebeenpolluted35.thecompany_______ariseinsalaryforagesbutnothinghashappenedyet.a.hasbeenpromising b.hadpromised c.promised d.promises36.—haveyouhandedinyourpapers?—yes,wehave.iguessthey___________now.a.havecorrected b.arecorrected c.arebeingcorrected d.arecorrecting37.thecausehehaddevotedhimselfto__________aperfectsuccess.a.proving b.proved c.wasproved d.hasbeenproved38.—goodmorning.doctorbrown’soffice.—hello,thisistomsmith.couldyoupleasetelldoctorbrowni____?mycar____start. a.wasdelayed,doesn’t b.willbedelayed,won’t c.amdelayed,didn’t dwoulddelay,mustn’t39.—couldyoulendmethatbookyou_______meaboutwhenitelephonedyou? —no,iamsorry,ican’t.igaveittoafriend.a.weretelling b.wouldtell c.hadtold d.hadbeentelling40.—sorry,i_______tobuythebookyouneedforyou.共13页,当前第11页12345678910111213