高中XX届英语语法专题讲义
第一节冠词一、冠词知识点: 冠词是一种虚词,放在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词(theindefinitearticle)和定冠词(thedefinitearticle)两种。a(an)是不定冠词,a用在辅音之前:如apen,aman;an用在元音之前,如:anoldbike,anhour,aninterestingstory等。the是定冠词。(一)、不定冠词的用法1、指人或事物的某一种类(泛指)。这是不定冠词a(an)的基本用法。如:sheisagirl.iamateacher.pleasepassmeanapple.2、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:heborrowedastory-bookfromthelibrary.awangislookingforyou.一位姓王的同志正在找你。3、表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。如:ihaveamouth,anoseandtwoeyes.4、用于某些固定词组中。如:abit,afew,alittle,alotof,apieceof,acupof,aglassof,apileof,massof,haveagoodtime,forawhile,foralongtime等。5、用在抽象名词前,表具体的介绍——a+抽象名词,起具体化的作用。如:thislittlegirlisajoytoherparents.这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。itisapleasuretotalkwithyou.跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。itisanhonourtometoattendthemeeting.参加这个会,对我来说是一种荣誉。(二)、定冠词的用法:1、特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如:beijingisthecapitalofchina.thepenonthedeskismine.2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如:whereistheteacher?openthewindow,please.3、指上文提过的人或事物(第二次出现)。如:therewasachairbythewindow.onthechairsatayoungwomanwithababyinherarms.thebabywasthin.4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:theearth,themoon,thesun.5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。(副词最高级前的定冠词可省略)如:heisalwaysthefirsttocometoschool.bobisthetallestinhisclass.6、用在某些专有名词前(由普通名词构成的专用名词)。如:thegreatwall,thesummerpalace,thesciencemuseum,thechildren’spalace,theparty等。7、用在一些习惯用语中。如:ontheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),thedayaftertomorrow,thedaybeforeyesterday,thenextyear,bytheway等。8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如:theyellowriver,thepacificocean,thealps,thehimalayas9、用在报刊、杂志前。如:thepeople’sdaily,theeveningpaper,thetimes泰晤士报。10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如:thebrownsareathometoreceivevisitorstoday.布朗一家今天要接待客人。11、用在形容词前,表某一类人。如:thepoor,thewounded,theliving,thedead,therich,thesick等。12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如:thedriveralwayssitsinthefrontofthebus(car).共178页,当前第1页123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178(三)、零冠词(即不用冠词):1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如:china,america,gradeone,classtwo,milk,oil,water,paper,science等。
2、名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,some,any等代词。如:godownthisstreet.3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如:wearestudents. ilikereadingstories.4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如:teachers’day,children’sday,nationalday,insummer,injuly等。todayisnewyear’sday. itissunday. march8iswomen’sday.
5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前,尤其作表语、宾补时。如:
what’sthematter,granny? weelectedhimmonitor.6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如:atnoon,atnight,atfirst,atlast,atmost,atleast,bybus(train,air,sea),inbed,intime,infrontof,gotoschool,gotobed,gotocollege,onfoot,attable,inink,inpencil等。
7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如:shegoestoschoolafterbreakfasteverymorning.wearegoingtoplayfootball.weusuallyhavelunchatschool.8、科目前不加。如:welearnchinese,maths,englishandsomeothersubjects. 【专项训练】:1、wecan’tlivewithout air. a.an b.× c.the d.some2、——haveyouseen pen?ileftitherethismorning.——isit blackone?ithinkisawitsomewhere. a.a;the b.the;the c.the;a d.a;a3、i’vebeenwaitingforhimfor hourand half. a.×;× b.the;a c.a;the d.an;a共178页,当前第2页1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889909192939495969798991001011021031041051061071081091101111121131141151161171181191201211221231241251261271281291301311321331341351361371381391401411421431441451461471481491501511521531541551561571581591601611621631641651661671681691701711721731741751761771784、what fineweatherwehavetoday! a.a b.× c.some d.an5、haveyoueverseen astallasthisone? a.atree b.suchtree c.antree d.tree6、childrenusuallygoto schoolat ageofsix. a.×;the b.a;an c.the;× d.the;the7、 himalayasis highestmountainin world. a.×;the;× b.the;the;the c.a;a;a d.×;×;×8、theyeachhave__book.lihua’sisabout writer.wanglin’sison science. a.a;a;× b.the;×;thec.×;the;× d.a;the;a9、 physicsis scienceofmatterandenergy. a.the;× b.×;× c.×;the d.a;a共178页,当前第3页12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394959697989910010110210310410510610710810911011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113213313413513613713813914014114214314414514614714814915015115215315415515615715815916016116216316416516616716816917017117217317417517617717810、 sunrisesin eastandsetsin west. a.a;an;a b.the;×;× c.the;the;the d.a;the;a11、manypeopleagreethat__knowledgeofenglishisamustin internationaltradetoday. a.a;× b.the;an c.the;the d.×;the12、 __mr.jonescalledwhileyouwereout(neitherofusknowsthisman).hewasin bad temper. a.×;a b.a;× c.the;the d.a;a13、theywereat dinnerthen.itwas deliciousone. a.a;the b.×;× c.×;a d.a;a14、whatkindof cardoyouwanttobuy? a.× b.the c.a d.an15、aliceisfondofplaying pianowhilehenryisinterestedinlisteningto music. a.×;the b.×;× c.the;× d.the;the共178页,当前第4页12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394959697989910010110210310410510610710810911011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113213313413513613713813914014114214314414514614714814915015115215315415515615715815916016116216316416516616716816917017117217317417517617717816、beyond stars,theastronautsawnothingbut space. a.the;× b.×;the c.×;× d.the;the17.(09安徽)wecanneverexpect bluerskyunlesswecreate lesspollutedworld.2a.a;a b.a;the21世纪教育网c.the;a d.the;the21世纪教育网18.(09北京)thebiggestwhaleis___bluewhale,whichgrowstobeabout29meterslong—theheightof____9-storybuilding. 21世纪教育网a.the;the b.a;a c.a;the d.the;a21世纪教育网19.(09江西)somepeoplefearthat________airpollutionmaybringaboutchangesin_______weatheraroundtheworld.21世纪教育网a./;the b.the;/ c.an;the d.the;a21世纪教育网20.(09海南)let’sgoto cinema-that’lltakeyourmindofftheproblemfor whilea.the;the b.the;ac.a;the d.a;a21.(09陕西)what pitythatyoucouldn’tbetheretoreceive prize!共178页,当前第5页123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178a.a;a b.the;a c.a;the d.the;the22.(09四川)inordertofind_______betterjob,hedecidedtostudy_________secondforeignlanguage.21世纪教育网a.the;a b.a;a c.the;the d.a;the21世纪教育网23.(09浙江)idon’tunderstandwhattheengineermeans,buti’vegot______roughideaof_____projectplan.a.the;a b.不填;the c.the;不填 d.a;the24.(09重庆)washingmachinesmadebychinahavewon worldwideattentionandhaierhasbecome popularname.a.a;the b./;a21世纪教育网c./;the d.the;a21世纪教育网25.(09全国2)whatineedis bookthatcontains abcofoilpainting. a.a;不填 b.the;不填 c.the;an d.a;the21世纪教育网【总结提高】:请从课本或报刊中抄写五个含有冠词典型用法的句子,并标明用法。
第二节名词知识要点:(一)、名词的种类:1、专有名词:1)china,japan,beijing,london,tom,jack(不加冠词)2)thegreatwall,theyellowriver,thepeople’srepublicofchina,theunitedstates等。(由普通名词构成的专有名词,要加定冠词。)2、普通名词
1)不可数名词注意:不可数名词前一般不加冠词,尤不加不定冠词:若加a(an)则使之具体化了。 如:haveawonderfultime.不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时,可用复数形式。如:fishes, newspapers, waters, snows…… | | | |共178页,当前第6页123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178
各种各样的鱼 各种报纸 河湖、海水 积雪有些抽象名词也常用复数,变为可数的具体的事物。如:times时代,works著作,difficulties困难
在表数量时,常用“of”词组来表示。如:aglassofmilk,acupoftea,twopiecesofpaper….2)可数名词:
可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外,一般都要加冠词:abirdthefrogisakindofhibernatinganimal.vegetablessoldatthisshopareusuallyfresh.有复数形式:a)规则变化——加“s”或“es”(与初中同,略)
b)不规则变化——child(children),foot(feet),tooth(teeth),man(men),woman(women),mouse(mice),goose(geese),englishman(englishmen),phenomenon(phenomena)…注意:c)单、复数同形:sheep,deer,chinese,japanese,fish(同一种鱼)……。如,asheep,twosheepd)只用复数形式: thanks,trousers,goods,clothes,socks,shoes,…
e)形复实单:physics,politics,maths,news,plastics(塑料),means.f)形单实复:people(人民,人们),thepolice,cattle等g)集合名词如:family,public,group,class等。当作为整体时,为单数;当作为整体中的各个成员时,为复数。如:myfamilyisabigone. myfamilyaremusiclovers.h)复合名词变复数时,(a)只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如:sister(s)-in-law嫂子,弟妹;step-son(s)继子;editor(s)-in-chief总编辑。(b)如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如:grown-up(s)成年人,go-between(s)中间人 (c)woman,man作定语时,要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如:amanservant—menservants,awomandoctor—womendoctors(二)、名词的所有格:1、表有生命的东西(人或动物)的名词所有格,一般在名词后加“’s”。如:mike’sbag,children’sday,mybrother’sroom,women’srights…注意:1)名词复数的词尾是-s或-es,它的所有格只在词后加“’”。如:teachers’day,theworkers’rest-home(工人疗养院),thestudents’reading-room2)复合名词的所有格,在后面的词后加“’s”。如:herson-in-law’sphoto(她女婿的照片);anybodyelse’sbook(其他任何人的书)3)如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有,则在最后的一个名词后面加“’s”; 如果不是共有,则每个词后都要加“’s”。如:janeandhelen’sroom.珍妮和海伦的房间(共有).bill’sandtom’sradios.比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机(不共有)4)表地点(店铺,某人的家等)的名词所有格后面,一般省去它所修饰的名词。如:thetailor’s(裁缝铺)thedoctor’s(诊所)mrbrown’s(布朗先生的家)5)有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词,也可加“’s”表所有格。如:halfanhour’swalk(半小时的路程) china’sagriculture(中国的农业)共178页,当前第7页1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889909192939495969798991001011021031041051061071081091101111121131141151161171181191201211221231241251261271281291301311321331341351361371381391401411421431441451461471481491501511521531541551561571581591601611621631641651661671681691701711721731741751761771782、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组,表示所有格。如:thecoverofthebook
3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of,特别是名词较长,有较多的定语时。如:thestoryofdrnormanbethunedoyouknowthenameoftheboystandingatthegate?
4、“of词组+所有格”的用法:在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词(如:a,two,some,afew,this,that,these,those等)时,常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如:afriendofmyfather’s我父亲的一位朋友。
someinventionsofedison’s爱迪生的一些发明thoseexercise-booksofthestudents’学生们的那些练习本。【专项训练】:1、thereareonlytwelve inthehospital. a.womandoctors b.womendoctors c.womendoctor d.womandoctor2、mrsmithhastwo ,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool. a.brothers-in-law b.brother-in-laws c.brothers-in-laws d.brothers-inlaw3、——howmany doesacowhave? ——four. a.stomaches b.stomach c.stomachs d.stomachies4、some visitedourschoollastwednesday. a.german b.germen c.germans d.germens共178页,当前第8页1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889909192939495969798991001011021031041051061071081091101111121131141151161171181191201211221231241251261271281291301311321331341351361371381391401411421431441451461471481491501511521531541551561571581591601611621631641651661671681691701711721731741751761771785、the ofthebuildingarecoveredwithlotsof . a.roofs;leaves b.rooves;leafs c.roof;leaf d.roofs;leafs6、whenthefarmerreturnedhomehefoundthree missing. a.sheeps b.sheepes c.sheep d.sheepies7、thatwasafifty engine. a.horsepower b.horsespower c.horsepowers d.horsespowers8、myfatheroftengivesme . a.manyadvice b.muchadvice c.alotofadvicesd.afewadvice9、marybrokea whileshewaswashingup. a.teacup b.acupoftea c.tea’scup d.cuptea10、canyougiveussome aboutthewriter?共178页,当前第9页123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178 a.informations b.information c.pieceofinformations d.piecesinformation11、ihadacupof andtwopiecesof thismorning. a.teas;bread b.teas;breads c.tea;breads d.tea;bread12、asisknowntousall, travelsmuchfasterthan . a.lights;sounds b.light;sound c.sound;light d.sounds;lights13、shetoldhimofallher and . a.hope;fear b.hopes;fear c.hopes;fears d.hope;fears共178页,当前第10页12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394959697989910010110210310410510610710810911011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113213313413513613713813914014114214314414514614714814915015115215315415515615715815916016116216316416516616716816917017117217317417517617717814、therising didalotof tothecrops. a.water;harm b.water;harms c.waters;harm d.waters;harms15、——howfarawayisitfromheretoyourschool? ——it’sabout . a.halfanhour’sdrive b.halfhoursdrives c.halfanhourdrives d.halfanhourdrive16.(09安徽)chinahasgotagood forfightingagainstthefluwithitscarefulandsmoothorganization. a.reputation b.influence c.impression d.knowledge17.(09福建)theworldhealthorganizationgaveawarningtothepublicwithoutany whenthevirusofh1n1hitmexicoinapril,XX. a.delay b.effort c.schedule d.consideration18.(09湖北)hikingbyoneselfcanbefunandgoodforhealth.itmayalsobegoodfor______building. a.respect b.friendship c.reputation d.character19.(09湖北)inourclass,whenthebellrangandtheteacherclosedhisbook,itwasa______foreveryonetostandup.共178页,当前第11页123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178