一、定义:用在n.(或相当于n.的其它词类、短语或从句)之前,说明其与句子中另一成分的关系的词,又称前置词。
二、分类:3种
1. 简单介词(simpleprepositions)
e.g.about,above,behind,besides,down,during,in,near,round,since,towards,with
2. 复合介词(compoundprepositions)
e.g.fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,inside,outside,within,without,into,onto,outof,upon,throughout
3. 短语介词(phrasalprepositions)
e.g.accordingto,apartfrom(除……之外),asaresultof,asfor/to(至于,关于),
becauseof,dueto(由于),inadditionto(除……之外,不但=besides,infrontof,
inspiteof(尽管),insteadof,owingto(由于)
三、常见简单介词的基本用法
1.about1)关于,有关 e.g.
ihavenotheardsomuch~him. idon’tknowwhatyou’retalking~.
2)差不多,大约e.g.
about500ssattendedthelecture. aboutwhenwillyougoabroad?
3)表示地点:在周围,在附近,各处,到处e.g.
treesareplanted~thelake.
theylivesomewhere~thepeople’ssquare.
don’tleaveyourbooks~yourdesk.ihaven’tanysmallchange~/onme.
4)“即将”(近期将来)e.g.
thefilmis~tobegin. it’snearly7:00.thetrainis~toleave.
2.above1)在……上方 e.g.
abirdisflyingabovethewoods. thereisaportraitabovetheblackboard.
2)(在数量上)超过 e.g.
themanisnotyetforty,butwell~thirty.
thenumberofnewssthisyearis~fourhundred.
3)(能力等)胜过,超越;因太困难、太好而不…… e.g.
theproblemis~me. (这问题太难我不懂。)
johnis~alltheotherssinmathematics.
3.across1)在……对面/对过 e.g.
myunclelives~myhome. thereisabookshop~thestreet.
2)横越,横过 e.g.
thelittlegirlhelpedtheblindman~theriver.
thetalltreefelldown~thestreet.
3)经过…… e.g.
therevolutiondevelopedacrossthewholecentury.共
4.after 1)在……后(时间) e.g.
afterwork/class,wewenthomeexcepthim.
theday~tomorrowwewillgotoshanghai.
2)在……的后面(顺序)e.g.
pleaseshut/closethedoorafter/behindyou.
3)仿照,按照(引申意义)e.g.
readafterme,please. rewritethefollowingsentences~themodel.
anewchurchwillbebuilt~theoldone.
4)追求(引申意义)e.g.
whatareyouafter? oh,hereisthethingi’mafter.
ifyourun~twohares,you’llcatchneither.
5)固定词组: e.g.
afterall lookafter=takecareof
5.against1)靠,倚,碰 e.g.
therainwasbeating~thewindows. heputtheladderagainstthewall.
hewasleaning~thewindow,reading. themansawaharerun~atree.
2)反对,禁止(引申意义)e.g.
weareforpeaceand~war. isthereanybody~thesuggestion?
3)违反,违背(引申意义)e.g.
thissentenceis~grammar.
intheolddaysgirlsweremarried~theirownwill.
nobodyshoulddoanything~thelaw.
4)顶着,对着 e.g.
weplayedthefirsthalf(上半场)~thewind.
learningislikesailingaboat ~ thecurrent(气流).
治学如同逆水行舟。
5)防备,准备(引申意义)e.g.
theysavedfirewood(干柴)~winter.manisfightingabattle~pollution.
6.along 顺着,沿着 e.g.
treesareplanted~thestreet.
walking~nanjingroadyesterday,imetanoldfriendofmine.
7.among 在……当中/中间≥3 e.g.
xiaosunisthebestone~hisclassmates. theteacherissitting~thess.共
8.around1)在……的周围,围绕 e.g.
shewearsanecklace/watch~herneck/wrist.
theearthturns/goes/travels ~thesun.
2)在……各处 e.g.
hedidalotoftravel~thecountryduringthesummerholidays.
weshowedourjapanesefriends~ourschool.
3)大约(时间、数量) e.g.
around/aboutthirtyyearsold abigelephantmayweigh~fivetons.
4)在……那边 e.g.
thereisaschoolshop~ theschoollibrary.
aroundthecornerofthestreet,you’llseeasecond-handbookshop.
(旧书店)
9.at 1)表示时间、地点、价钱、速度、年龄 e.g.
atteno’clock attheschool attheageof40
at(aspeedof)150kilometresanhour
peopleliketobuyeggsfromhimbecausehesellsatalowerprice.
note: 表示价格时,at须和price连用,如只说具体价钱,则用。e.g.
iboughtthisdictionaryfor60yuan.
2)表示动作之方向、目的:朝,向 e.g.
hethrewastoneatadog. thefoxranattheboy.
heshotatthebird,butmissedit/didn’tshootit.
3)处于某种状态(引申意义) e.g.
weareatmeeting. thetwocountriesareatwar.共
4)表示引起某种情绪的原因。e.g.
wearesurprisedatyoursuccess. theyweresadathearingsuchbadnews.
5)在……号召,召集,请求下(引申意义)e.g.
hewrotetheletteratourrequest.
inoctober1986,queenelizabethiiofthegreatbritainvisitedchinaat
theinvitationofthechinesegovernment.
6)固定词组中: e.g.
atfirst, atlast, at(the)most, at(the)least,atonce, atpresent, athome,
atnight, atthebeginning, atthesametime, notatalletc.
10.before1)在……的前面(位置)反义behind e.g.
hewasstanding~theclass,readytospeak.
neverputthecartbeforethehorse. 不要本末倒置。
2)在……以前(时间)反义after e.g.
handinyourpaper~ sunday. wegetup~sixeverymorning.
11.behind1)在……的后面(位置)e.g.
thegarage(车库)is~thehouse. hecameoutfrom~thedoor.
2)迟于,晚于,误时/点 e.g.
thetrainisbehindtime.
theplanewastwohours~timebecauseofthestorm.
3)劣于,不如,落后 e.g.
myoldfatherisbehindthetimes.
becauseofhisillness,heis~theothersinhisstudies.
12.below1)在……下面 e.g.
hisofficeisbelowmine. thetemperaturetodayis~freezingpoint.
2)低于 e.g.
heisbelowmeintheclass.
13.beside1)在……的旁边 e.g.
hesatbesidemeatdinner. thecity’slargeststadiumstands~alake.
2)相比(引申意义)e.g.
myenglishispoorbesideyours.共
3)离题,与……无关 e.g.
thisis~thetopicfordiscussion.
whatyouaretalkingaboutis~thepoint.
14.besides除……之外(还)e.g.
weallwenttobeijing~ourteacher.
ilikemathematics,physics,besidesenglish.
besidesbeingthelargestcityinchina,shanghaiisalsothecentreof
industry,education,scienceandculture.
besides:表示加法,“除了……还有……”
except:表示减法,“把……不算在其中”e.g.
helikesdifferentkindsofsportsbesidesfootball.
helikesdifferentkindsofsportsexceptfootball.
其它运动项目+足球≠足球不在内的多种不同运动项目
note:expectfor(除去部分与前面叙述内容不属于同一范畴)e.g.
hiscompositionisgoodexceptforsomespellingmistakes.
(expectfor在意义上=exceptthat)
15.between1)在两者之间 e.g.
cometomyofficebetween10and11o’clock.
what’sthedifferencebetween“between”and“among”?
2)表示两者以上的相互关系 e.g.
aftertheyeachtouchedtheelephant,thesixblindmenquarreled
betweenthemselves.
thereissomelittledifferencebetweenthethreewords.
note: between&among e.g.
thevillageliesbetweenthethreehills.theteacherissittingamongthess.
16.beyond1)远在……之外 e.g.
theycamefrombeyondtheseas(海外).
theaccidenthappenedbeyondthesquare.
beyondthevillageisariver. 村那面有条河.
2)超过,胜过,为……所不及 e.g.
thebookisbeyondme. 这本书我看不懂。
17.but1)除了……之外(=except) e.g.
theyalllikedthefilm~him. noone~mewasintheofficejustnow.
ihadnothingintheworldbutamillion-poundnote.
thereisnothingforsupperbutsomenoodles.
notes:①but prep.常与否定词连用;②but prep.可跟不定式。e.g.
thehibernatinganimalshavenochoicebuttoliedownandsleep.共
ididnothing butwatchtvlastnight.
ihadnothingtodo
如but前面有do或某种形式时,常省略to。
2)用于固定词组中。e.g.
① cannothelpbutdo不能不…;忍不住…②anythingbut根本不,决不
② nothingbut只有,只不过是… ④butfor要不是
icouldnothelpbutcry. 我忍不住哭了出来。
myincomeisanythingbutlarge.我的收入绝对不能算多。
sheisanythingbuthonest. 她决非诚实之辈。
thisisnothingbutajoke.
butforthedoctor,imighthavediedlongago.
18.by1)靠近,在……旁边 e.g.
thenewlibrarystandsbytheriver. thereisatalltreebytheriver.
hewasstandingbythewindow,reading.
2)由……旁边经过,路过,沿着 e.g.
igobyhisofficeeveryday. hepassedbymewithoutsayingaword.
3)用……方法/手段 e.g.
bybike,train,bus,plane,air,water,sea
thelittlematchgirlearnedherlivingbysellingmatches.
riceseedlings(稻秧)usedtobeplantedbyhand.
4)表示程度、尺寸、数量、时间 e.g.
heispaidbythehour. what’sthetimebyyourwatch?
inthe100-metrerace,johnbeatdickbyashoulder.
5)到……时候,不迟于 e.g.
i’llreturnthebookstohimbywednesdaymorning.
he’llcertainlycomeby5o’clock..
bytheendoflastweek,wehadlearned15units.
6)依据,奉命 e.g.
neverjudgepeoplebytheirappearance/whattheywear.共
7)组成介词短语 e.g.
byandby(不久) onebyone(一个个地)
daybyday(天天不断地) stepbystep(一步步地)
sidebyside(肩并肩) littlebylittle(逐渐地)
bychance(偶然,碰巧) byheart(默记下来)
byoneself(独自地) bytheway(顺便提/问一下)
19.down1)往下 e.g.
theboyfelldownthestairsandbrokehisarm.
itwasalmostdarkwhenhewentdownthehill.
2) up down
城市、北、河上游、近处 乡村、南、河下游、远处 e.g.
theywereswimmingup/downtheriver. i’llgouptotianjintomorrow.
doyouseethemanwalkingdownthestreet?he’smyuncle.
(并非路面此高彼低,而是那个人离说话人而去。)
20.during在……的期间/时候 e.g.
thestoryhappened~the(american)civilwar.
duringtheday,thelightcomesinthroughthewindow.
laowangwasinchargeofthefactory~themanager’sabsence.
gooveryourlessons~yourholidays.共
21.except除……以外 e.g.
wehavelessonsexceptsunday.
22.for1)为了(表示目的,指人、物) e.g.
icamehereformypen. whatareyoudoingthatfor?
iboughtthewatchformywife’sbrotherasapresent.
2)赞成,支持(表示同意、愿望等) e.g.
idon’tlikesummer,i’mforcoolweather. weareforpeaceandagainstwar.
3)替,为,对于,供 e.g.
iwrotealetterforhim. (iwrotealettertohim.是何义?)
i’llreadthereportforyou. (i’llreadthereporttoyou.是何义?)
that’llbebadforyourhealth.
4)就……而言 e.g.
youlookyoungforyourage.
thetemperatureisstillabove33℃.it’scertainlyhotforseptember.
5)表示目的:去,向 e.g.
let’sgoforawalk/dinner. thetrainfortaiyuan
6)限定于,供……用的,给……的 e.g.
theseticketsarefortomorrow.
thereisatvset,atelephoneandothernecessities.theyareallforyou.
7)当作,作为 e.g.
wetookhimforanhonestman.
8)由于,因为……的缘故 e.g.
hewassenttoprisonforstealing.
9)itis/was+adj./n.+for/ofsb.todosth.
23.from1)自从,来自 e.g.
iam(come)/ was(came)fromwuhan. 我是武汉人/我从武汉来。
susancomesfromaworkingclassfamily.
2)离……(有多远) e.g.
myofficeisfarfromhere. theparkisjustfiveminutes’walkfromhere.
3)表示原因,来源 e.g.
sufferfrom diefrom/of
4)固定词组中 e.g.
⑴bemadefrom/of ⑵fromthe(very)beginning
⑶frombeginningtoend ⑷frommorningto/tillevening/night
⑸fromnow/then/todayon ⑹fromtimetotime共
⑺fromdaytoday ⑻frombadtoworse
⑼fromvillagetovillage(house,person,…)⑽beabsentfrom
⑾bedifferentfrom ⑿prevent…(from)doing…
24.in1)在……范围和空间内 e.g.
inavillage inatree inthebed inthesun intherain inherhand
therearemanyapplesontheappletree.
2)在某种状态、境遇下;穿着某种衣服 e.g.
henoddedinsatisfaction. sheisinwhite/blue/yellow/green/red.
3)表示时间:a.在……世纪,……年……月 e.g.
inthe20thcentury inmay,1983 inthe1870s
note:inthethirties≠inhisthirties
在30年代 在他三十几岁时
b.从现在算起若干时间以后。e.g.
hewillcomebackintwoweeks. (howsoon)
c.在……时间内 e.g.
romewasnotbuiltinaday.(英谚:大器晚成)
zhouyuorderedzhugeliangtomake100,000arrowsinonemonth.
liangdiditinthreedays.
4)在……方面 e.g.
i’mweakinenglish.
inbuildingsocialism,weneedtolearngoodexperiencefromothernations.
havesome/nodifficulty/trouble(in)doing…
5)表示方式、手段 e.g.
inenglish inpen/pencil withapen/pencil
inabus/train bybus/train onhisbike
6)固定词组 e.g.
inall总共,总计 inpublic公开地 inturn轮流地
inone’sopinion在某人看来 insecret秘密地 inreturn作为回报
inshort总之inneed(of)需要 inaway在某种意义上,从某种意义上说
infact infrontof in(the)future intime introuble inaword共
inotherwords inahurry inspiteof尽管 intheworld
25.like象,似,和……一样 e.g.
toswimlikeafish
likeleifeng,wemustservethepeopleheartandsoul.
inhisopinion,cocacolatasteslikemedicine.
26.near1)在……的附近 e.g.
don’tsitnearthetvset,youmaygetnear-sighted.
ourschoolisquitenearmyhome.
2)将近(时间) e.g.
it’slunchtime.shallwestopwork? heisneartwentyyearsold.
note:near与nearto同义,near普遍。但在比较级及最高级中,to不能省。
helivesnearer/nearesttothedepartmentstore.
27.of1)“的”(所有格)。 e.g.
thenameofthebook themapofhangzhou
thelegsofthedesk thetailofapig
2)表示同位关系。 e.g.
thecityofrome/pisa/tianjin thetownofyouguzhuang
i’msendingmybestwishestothetwoofyouforahappylife.
3)用在表示数量、种类等意义的词组中。 e.g.
apieceofchalk aglassofbear acupoftea
agroupofss akindoffood alotoftime/books
4)表示动宾关系。 e.g.
thedefenceofyan’an loveofstudy/one’scountry
thisbookishelpfultomystudyofenglish.
parents’loveofchildrenismosttouching.
5)用于某些比较级和最高级的结构中。 e.g.
ofthetwobrotherswhichisthetaller? ofallfruitsilikeorangebest.
ofallthestarsinthesky,thesunisthenearesttous/theearth.
ofallthessinourclass,chenyilongisthetallest.共
note:在带这种of短语的句子中,比较级前要用the。 e.g.
ofthehorseanddog,whichrunsthefaster?
6)of与age,height,size,weight,colour连用时可以省略。e.g.
ihaveadaughter(of)yourage.
weare(of)thesameage,height,weight,size.
28.off1)从……离开,分离 e.g.
keepoffthegrass. whilecleaningthewindow,hefelloffthechair.
2)扣除 e.g.
ifyoubuyadozen,iwillgiveyou10%offtheprice.
youcangettenpointsforeachcorrectanswer.butifyouransweriswrong,
10pointswillbetakenoffyou.
29.on1)表示接触(不一定在上面) e.g.
thereareafewfliesontheceiling. thereisapictureonthewall.
iwanttobeasailorsailingonthesea.
2)在某天、某天的早晨、上午、晚上 e.g.
onsaturday/wednesday onoct10th,XX
onthemorning/eveningofoct10/thebicyclerace
3)原始概念“接触”,引申意义“在进行中”e.g.
onfire onsale
heisondutynow. theyareonholidayindalian.
4)关于,论及 e.g.
onpractice《实践论》 abookonenglish/radio
heisonthecommittee.他是委员会委员之一。 (属于)
haveyouanyideaonthesubject? thisbookisonbasicenglishgrammar.
alecturewillbegivenonhowtouseprepositions.
5)(表示时间)在……时候;刚一……就 e.g.
hesaidhelloonseeingme.
onhearingthenews,theyjumpedwithjoy.
onhis(kunta’s)arrivalhewassoldtoafarmerandworkedinthefields.
6)固定结构 e.g.
⑴onduty ⑵ontime ⑶onfire ⑷ontheonehand ⑸ontheotherhand
⑹ondisplay(展出) ⑺onsale(出售) ⑻onleave(在休假)
⑼onpurpose(故意) ⑽onthewhole(总的说来)⑾ontheleft/right
⑿onthespot(当场) ⒀onandoff=offandon(断断续续) 共