一、强调句
(一)强调句句型
1、陈述句的强调句型:itis/was+被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+that/who(当强调主语且主语指人)+其它部分。
e.g.itwasyesterdaythathemetliping.
2、一般疑问句的强调句型:同上,只是把is/was提到it前面。
e.g.wasityesterdaythathemetliping?
3、特殊疑问句的强调句型:被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+is/was+it+that/who+其它部分?
e.g.whenandwherewasitthatyouwereborn?
4、强调句例句:针对imetlimingattherailwaystationyesterday.句子进行强调。
强调主语:itwasithat(who)metlimingattherailwaystationyesterday.
强调宾语:itwaslimingthatimetattherailwaystationyesterday.
强调地点状语:itwasattherailwaystationthatimetlimingyesterday.
强调时间状语:itwasyesterdaythatimetlimingattherailwaystation.
5、注意:构成强调句的it本身没有词义;强调句中的连接词一般只用that,who,即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此,that,who不可省略;强调句中的时态只用两种,一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时,用itwas…,其余的时态用itis…。
(二)not…until…句型的强调句
1、句型为:itis/wasnotuntil+被强调部分+that+其它部分
e.g.普通句:hedidn’tgotobeduntil/tillhiswifecameback.
强调句:itwasnotuntilhiswifecamebackthathewenttobed.
2、注意:此句型只用until,不用till。但如果不是强调句型,till,until可通用;因为句型中itis/wasnot…已经是否定句了,that后面的从句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了。
(三)谓语动词的强调
1、itis/was…that…结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语时,用助动词do/does或did。
e.g.dositdown.务必请坐。
hedidwritetoyoulastweek.上周他确实给你写了信。
dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet.过马路时,务必(千万)要小心啊!
2、注意:此种强调只用do/does和did,没有别的形式;过去时用did,后面的谓语动词用原形。
二、it的用法
(一)作人称代词
1、it代替前面(或后面)的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。
e.g.youcannoteatyourcakebuthaveit.(it代替前面的cake)
althoughwecannotseeit,thereisairallaroundus.(it代替后面的air)
theysayhehaslefttown,butidon’tbelieveit.(it代替前面they…town分句中的情况)
2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西(包括婴儿)。
e.g.yesterdaywesawabigtree.itwasfullytwentymetreshigh.(it代替前面的tree)
thebabycriedbecauseitwashungry.(it代替前面的baby)共
3、在某些习惯说法中,可以代替人。
e.g.----someoneisknockingatthedoor,peter. ----whoisit? ----it’sme.
----whoaresinging? ----itisthechildren.
----thelightisstilloninthelab.itmustbethethird-yearstudentsdoingtheexperiment.
4、it与one的区别:这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词,但it用于同名同物的场合;one则用于同名异物的场合。
e.g.----doyoustillhavethebicycle? ----no,ihavesoldit.
----isthisknifeyours? ----no.itisxiaozhang’s.mineistheoneonthedesk.
5、it与that的区别:两词都可代替某一特定名词,但that指同一类,并非同一个。
e.g.theclimateofsouthchinaismild(温和的);ilikeitverymuch.(it指theclimateofsouthchina)
theclimateofsouthchinaismuchbetterthanthatofjapan.(that指theclimate)
(二)作无人称代词
it作无人称代词时,除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外,另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。
itisfine(rainy,windy,etc.).
itisnoon.
itisahalfhour’swalktothefactory.
itiseighteensquaremetresinarea.
whatdoesitmatter?
(三)作强调词,构成强调结构
用以帮助改变句子结构,使句子的某一成分受到强调。“itis(was)+所强调的成分+that(who)+其它成分。”在这个句型中,it本身没有词义。详见“一、强调句”。
(四)引导词it作形式主语(宾语)
为了使句子平衡,常采用形式主语(或宾语)it,而把真正的主语(或宾语)置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。
e.g.ittakeshalfanhourtogothereonfoot.(it与togothereonfoot之间夹有takeshalfanhour四个词)
wethoughtitstrangethatmrsmithdidnotcomelastnight.(it与that从句中间夹有strange)
但有时it与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。
e.g.youmaydependonitthattheywillsupportyou.(因为介词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意:it不是多余的,不能当作错句)
练习一、强调句、it的用法
1.mybikeismissing.ican’tfind____anywhere.
a.one b.ones c.it d.that
2.----who’sthat? ----____professorli.
a.that’s b.it’s c.he’s d.this’s
3.____wasjanethatisawinthelibrarythismorning.
a.it b.he c.she d.that
4.----haveyoueverseenawhalealive? ----yes,i’veseen____.共
a.that b.it c.such d.one
5.thecolorofmycoatisdifferentfrom____ofyours.
a.this b.that c.it d.one
6.____willdoyougoodtodosomeexerciseeverymorning.
a.it b.there c.those d.you
7.wethink____ourdutytopaytaxestoourgovernment.
a.that b.this c.its d.it
8.theclimateofshanghaiisbetterthan____ofnanjing.
a.that b.it c.which d.what
9.____fouryearssinceijoinedthearmy.
a.therewas b.thereis c.itwas d.itis
10.howlong____tofinishthework?
a.you’lltake b.you’lltakeit c.willittakeyou d.willtakeyou
11.itwasthroughxiaoli____igottoknowxiaowang.
a.who b.whom c.how d.that
12.itwasinthericefields____wehadourleaguemeeting.
a.where b.that c.inwhich d.onwhich
13.itwasonoctober1st____newchinawasfounded.
a.which b.when c.as d.that
14.wasitbecausehewasill____heaskedforleave?
a.and b.that c.that’s d.so
15.maryspeaksinalowvoice;____isdifficulttoknowwhatsheissaying.
a.it b.that c.so d.she
16.itwas____imetmrgreeninshanghai.
a.manyyearsthat b.manyyearsbefore c.manyyearsagothat d.manyyearswhen
17.____isnoteverybody____candrawsowell.
a.it,all b.it,that c.there,who d.there,that
18.so____thatnofishcanliveinit.
a.shallowisthelake b.thelakeisshallow c.shallowthelakeis d.isthelakeshallow
三、省略
为了使讲话和行文简洁,句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况:
(一)简单句中的省略
1、省略主语:祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。
e.g.(i)thankyouforyourhelp.(括号内为省略的词语,下同)
(i)seeyoutomorrow. (it)doesn’tmatter.
2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。
e.g.(thereis)nosmoking. (isthere)anythingwrong? why(doyou)notsayhellotohim?共
3、省略作宾语的不定式短语,只保留to。
e.g.----areyougoingthere? ----i’dliketo(gothere).
hedidnotgivemethechance,thoughhehadpromisedto(givemethechance).
注意:如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态,则须在to之后加上be或have。
e.g.----areyouanengineer? ----no,butiwanttobe.
----hehasn’tfinishedthetaskyet. ----well,heoughttohave.
4、省略表语。
e.g.----areyouthirsty? ----yes,iam(thirsty).
5、同时省略几个成分。
e.g.let’smeetatthesameplaceas(wemet)yesterday.
----haveyoufinishedyourwork? ----(ihave)not(finishedmywork)yet.
(二)并列句中的省略
两个并列分句中,后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。
e.g.myfatherisadoctorandmymother(is)anurse.
istudyatcollegeandmysister(studies)athighschool.
(三)主从复合句中的省略
1、主句中有一些成分被省略。
e.g.(i’m)sorrytohearthatyouareill.
(itisa)pitythathemissedsuchagoodchance.
2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分,用so或not(切不可用it或that)代替。
e.g.----ishecomingbacktonight? ----ithinkso.
----ishefeelingbettertoday? ----i’mafraidnot.
这种用法常见的有:howso?whyso?isthatso?ihopeso.hesaidso及isupposenot.ibelievednot.ihopenot等。(但idon’tthinkso比ithinknot更常用)。
(四)其它省略
1、连词that的省略:
①、宾语从句中常省略连词that,但也有不能省略的情况(参看“名词性从句”等有关部分)。
②、在定语从句中,that在从句中作宾语时可省略。
③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。
2、不定式符号to的省略
①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。
e.g.itoldhimtositdownandwaitforamoment.
②、某些使役动词(如let,make,have)及感官动词(如see,watch,notice,hear,feel,lookat和listento等)后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to,但在被动语态中须把to复原。
e.g.----isawtheboyfallfromthetree. ----theboywasseentofallfromthetree.
③、介词but前若有动词do,后面的不定式不带to。
e.g.theboydidnothingbutplay.
3、在某些状语从句中,从句的主语与主句主语一致时,可省去“主语+be”部分。(参看“状语从句”有关部分)
4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略,但后面的语序有变化(参见“倒装句”有关部分)
5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。
e.g.thesooner(youdoit),thebetter(itwillbe).共
四、插入语
英语句子中(尤其在口语中)常插入一些单词、短语或者句子,用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。
(一)插入语的类型:
1、单词(多是副词),如:besides,however,otherwise,therefore,though等。
e.g.sheislookingfit,though.他看起来倒是健康。
ican,however,discussthiswheniseeyou.
2、短语
e.g.chinaandindia,forexample,areneighbours.
bytheway,whereareyoufrom?
3、句子
e.g.heisanhonestman,ibelieve.
jack,asfarasiknow,isn’tclever.
(二)插入语的位置
通常插入语位于句中,并用逗号隔开。但有时,也可位于句首或句末(见上面例句)。也有时,并不用逗号隔开。
e.g.youknowthatithinkyouarewrong.我认为,你明白你错了。
whatonearthdoyoumean?你究竟是什么意思?
(三)插入语在句中的作用
一般来说,插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去,句子的含义不大受影响。但是,有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。
e.g.hegotthenewsfromnobodyknowswhere.他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。
(四)插入语的特殊用法
下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句,也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句(有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”)常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say,suppose,guess,believe,consider,think,imagine等。
e.g.howlongdidyousayshewouldstayhere?
whendoyousupposethey’llbeback?
howolddidyouthinkshewas
(五)大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语
bytheway顺便说,顺便问一下;sofar到目前为止;andsoon等等;onthecontrary相反;nowonder不足为奇;asamatteroffact事实上;comealong快点,来吧;inotherwords换句话说;asusual如同以往;asaresult因此,结果。
练习二、省略和插入语
1.----won’tyouhaveanothertry? ----____.
a.yes,iwill b.yes,iwon’t c.yes,iwillhave d.yes,iwon’thave
2.----iwon’tdoitanymore. ----____?
a.whydon’t b.whydon’tdoitanymore c.whynot d.whynotdo
3.----doyouthinkitwillsnowtomorrow? ----____.
a.no,idon’tthink b.idon’tthink c.no,idon’tso d.idon’tthinkso
4.----willhefailintheexam? ----____.
a.don’thopeto b.let’shopenot c.nothopeso d.let’shopenotto
5.____usual,ihaveforgottensomething.共
a.as b.asitis c.it’s d.thatis
6.____sheaman,shemightbeelectedpresident.
a.if b.unless c.was d.were
7.____ihadtime,iwouldhaveplayeditagain.
a.if b.unless c.had d.when
8.____itraintomorrow,i’dstayathome.
a.should b.would c.when d.if
9.ilikesportsand____mybrother.
a.so b.sodoes c.sois d.solikes
10.francis,____borninkentucky,livedandpractisedlawinmissouri.
a.was b.hewas c.whois d.although
11.----aren’tyouthemanager? ----no,andi____.
a.don’twant b.don’twantto c.don’twanttobe d.don’t
12.----haveyoufedthedog? ----no,but____.
a.iam b.i’mjustgoingto c.i’m d.i’mjustgoing
13.yourperformanceinthedrivingtestdidn’treachtherequiredstandard(标准)—____,youfailed.
a.intheend b.afterall c.inotherwords d.atthesametime
14.howlong____shewouldstayhere?
a.didshesay b.shesaid c.did d./
15.____coulddosuchthing?
a.whomdoyouthink b.whodoyouthink c.doyouthinkwhom d.didyouthinkwho
练习三、综合训练
1.johnwasill.haveyouheardabout____?
a.this b.he c.it d.theone
2.hurryup!____gettingdarkeranddarker.
a.theskyis b.it’s c.weatheris d.timeis
3.it’sthethirdtime____ihavebeenhere.
a.that b.when c.after d.who
4.itwassimplyforthatreason____iwouldn’ttellhimthetruth.
a.why b.which c.so d.that
5.wasitintheplace____thelastemperordied?
a.where b.that c.which d.inwhich
6.____isnodifferencebetweenaandb.
a.it b.where c.there d.what
7.it____mikeandmarywhohelpedtheoldmanseveraldaysago.
a.was b.were c.are d.hadbeen共
8.hesaid,“____alongwaytoschool.____alongwaytogoyetbeforewearrive.”
a.itis,itis b.thereis,thereis c.thereis,itis d.itis,thereis
9.idon’tlike____youspeaktoher.
a.theway b.thewayinthat c.thewaywhich d.thewayofwhich
10.ifyougotoxi’an,you’llfindthepalacestheremoremagnificentthancommonly____.
a.supposing b.suppose c.tosuppose d.supposed
11.____isafactthatenglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.
a.there b.this c.that d.it
12.itwasabout600yearsago____thefirstclockwithafaceandanhourhandwasmade.
a.that b.until c.before d.when
13.itwasnotuntil1920____regularradiobroadcastbegan.
a.while b.which c.that d.since
14.----doyoumindmytakingthisseat? ----____. a.yes,sitdownplease b.no,ofcoursenot c.yes,takeitplease d.no,youcan’ttakeit
15.----i’llbeawayonabusinesstrip.wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat? ---notatall.____.
a.i’venotime b.i’drathernot c.i’dlikeit d.i’dbehappyto
16.theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_____.
a.notto b.nottodo c.notdoit d.donotto
17.itwasnotuntilshecametoseeus____hermotherwasillinbed.
a.whenweknew b.thatdidweknew c.thatweknew d.thatdidweknow
18.----thisstorehassuchhighprices. ----iagree.neveragain____here.
a.iwillshop b.willishop c.idoshop d.shopi
19.____washiskindnessthateveryonepraisedhim.
a.it b.what c.so d.such
20.____,hewouldhavepassedtheexam.
a.ifheweretostudy b.ifhestudiedhard c.hadhestudiedhard d.shouldhestudyhard
21.----davidhasmadegreatprogressrecently. ----____,and____. a.sohehas,sohaveyou b.sohehas,soyouhave c.sohashe,sohaveyou d.sohashe,soyouhave共
22.nosooner____theyrushedoutintothestreet. a.didtheyhearthenewsthan
b.didtheyhearthenewswhen c.hadtheyheardthenewsthan d.hadtheyheardthenewswhen
23.hewasunabletomakesuchprogress,____.
a.hardashetried b.ashardhetried c.hardhehastried d.triedhardashe
参考答案
语法复习五:强调句、it的用法、省略和插入语
练习一、1~5cbadb 6~10adadc 11~15dbdba 16~18cba
练习二、1~5acdba 6~10dcabd 11~15cbcab
练习三、1~5cbadb 6~10cadad 11~15dacbd 16~20acbdc 21~23aca
共