语法专题十二 定语从句(一)
ⅰ.定义
定语从句,起形容词的作用,在句中常用来修饰名词或代词。被修饰的词称为先行词,引导定语从句的词称为关系词,关系词的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起引导作用;二是在意义上代替先行词,并在从句中充当一个成分。其中关系代词:who,whom,whose,which,that,as;关系副词:when,where,why。
eg. sheisthegirlwhosingsbestofall.
thepenwhichmyunclegavemeismissing.
helivesinahousewhosewindowsfacesouth.
thefactorywheremyfatherworksisintheeastofthecity.
perhapsthedaywillcomewhenpeoplewillbeabletobreathecleanairincities.
ⅱ.关系代词
1. 先行词是人,作主语,关系代词用who,that
eg.heisaman( )neverleavestoday’sworktilltomorrow.
theboy( )isstandingthereismycousin.
2.先行词是人,作宾语,关系代词用whom,who,that,
eg. hereistheman( )you’vebeenexpectingtomeet.
theman( )youmetyesterdayismr.smith.
3.先行词是物,作主语,关系代词用which,that
eg. thetrain( )has just left is for guangzhou.
childrenliketoreadbooks( )havewonderfulpictures.
4.先行词是物,作宾语,关系代词用which,that,或省略
eg. thebook( )youborrowedyesterdayisreallyinteresting.
thepen( )myunclegavemeismissing.
5.先行词是人、物,作定语,关系代词用whose
eg. heistheprofessor( )namewasjackson.
china,( )populationisthelargestintheworld,isdevelopingveryfast.
ⅲ.关系副词
1. 先行词是表示时间的名词,在定从中作时间状语,关系代词用when
eg. ican’trememberthedate( )hewentabroad.
i’llneverforgettheday( )ijoinedthearmy.
2. 先行词是表示地点的名词,在定从中作地点状语,关系代词用where;其中注意表示抽象概念的地点名词,如,situation、stage、degree、point等表示方面或程度时,也需用where
eg. thisisthevillage( )unclewangoncelived.
theyhavereachedthepoint( )theyhavetoseparatewitheachother.共
he’sgothimselfintoadangeroussituation( )heislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.
3.先行词是reason,在定从中作原因状语,关系代词用why
eg. idon’tknowthereason( )hewaslate.
noneofusknowthereason( )tomwasabsentfromthemeeting.
4.引导定语从句的关系副词也可以用“适当介词+which”来代替。
eg. october1,1949wasthedaywhen(= )thepeople’srepublicofchinawasfounded.
thisisthefactorywhere(= )weworkedayearago.
idon’tbelievethereasonwhy(= )hewaslateforschool.
ⅳ.关系代词that&which的区别:
⒈只用that的情况
①先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much等不定代词时。
eg. thereisnothing( )canpreventhimfromdoingit.
②先行词被any,only,few,no,very,little等修饰时。
eg. thisistheverybook( )i’mlookingfor.
③先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
eg. thefirstplace( )theyvisitedinguilinwaselephanttrunkhill.
thisisthebestfilm( )ihaveeverseen.
④先行词既有人又有物时。
eg. hetalkedaboutthingsandpersons( )theyrememberedintheschool.
⑤先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时。
eg. mr.smithistheonlyforeigner( )heknows.
⑥句中已有who或which,为了避免重复时。
eg. whoistheman( )isstandingbesidetom?
⒉不能用that的情况:
①引导非限制性定语从句;
eg. hehadfailedinthemathsexam,( )madehisfatherveryangry.
②介词+关系代词。
eg. thisistheroomin( )myfatherlivedlastyear.
ⅴ.as引导定语从句时的用法(as相当于that&which)
①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于thesame…as,such…as结构中。
eg. thisisthesamebook( )ilentyou.
suchmachines( )areusedinourworkshoparemadeinchina.
②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,位置灵活,用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型:asisknowntoall,asissaid,asisreported,asisannounced,asweallknow,asiexpect等。
eg. ( )iexpected,hegotthefirstplaceagaininthismid-termexamination.共
taiwan,( )weallknow,belongstochina.
ⅵ.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的主要区别:
限制性定语从句:一般紧跟在先行词后面,不用逗号把从句与先行词分隔开来。使先行词的意思十分明确,成为特定的人或物,是句子中不可缺少的成分,少了它句子就会失去意义不能成立,或意思不清楚,不能说明问题。通常译为定语。
非限制性定语从句:通常由逗号与句子其他成分隔开。只是对先行词作进一步的说明,没有它句子仍能成立,意思仍很清楚。通常译为并列的句子。
eg. iwastheonlypersoninouroffice( )wasinvited.(去掉定语从句,意思就不完整)
tom’sfather,( )isoversixty,stillworksharddayandnight.(整个句子可分成两句来翻译)
ⅶ.分隔定语从句
即先行词与关系代词、副词之间被介词短语,同位语,谓语等分隔开来。
此种定语从句,在选择关系词时,要注意找准先行词。
eg. thereisanexpressioninhiseyes( )ican’tunderstand.
iwastheonlypersoninmyoffice( )wasinvitedtotheimportantball.
isuggestyouchoosesomeoneithink( )isverykindandfriendly.
选择填空:
1.itwasapril29,XX princewilliamandkatemiddletonwalkedintothepalacehalloftheweddingceremony.
a.that b.when c.since d.before
2.)gutteroilisillegallyrecycledcookingoil, containschemicalsthatareharmfultothehumanbodyandcanevencausecancer.
a.it b.which c.where d.that
3.betweenthetwopartsoftheconcertisaninterval, theaudiencecanbuyice-cream.
a.when b.where c.that d.which
4.theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhouses arebuiltclosetoeachother.
a.they b.where c.what d.that
5.whateverisleftovermaybeputintotherefrigerator, itwillkeepfortwoorthreeweeks.
a.when b.which c.where d.while
6.englishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiversecultures,eachof -------usesitsomewhatdifferently.
a.which b.what c.them d.those
7.abankistheplace theylendyouanumbrellainfairweatherandaskforitbackwhenitbeginstorain.
a.when b.that c.where d.there
8.shehasagiftforcreatinganatmosphereforherstudents ------allowsthemtocommunicatefreelywitheachother.共
a.which b.where c.what d.who
9tedcamefortheweekendwearingonlysomeshortsandat-shirt, ------isastupidthingtodoinsuchweather.
a.this b.that c.what d.which
10.sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstruction------ hadtakenmorethanthreeyears.
a.forwhich b.withwhich c.ofwhich d.towhich
11.theschoolshop, customersaremainlystudents,isclosedfortheholidays.
a.which b.whose c.when d.where
12.hewassopleasedwithall wehaddoneforhim hewroteusalettertopraiseforit.
a.what;what b.what;that c.that;what d.that;that
13.themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth, isknowntoeverybody.
a.it b.as c.that d.what
14. isoftenthecasewithelderpeople,mygrandma,talkedaboutmynewhairstyleforatleast50minutesnonstop.
a.that b.which c.as d.it
15.aftergraduatingfromhighschool,youwillreachapointinyourlife -------youneedtodecidewhattodo.
a.that b.what c.which d.where
16.thenovelwascompletedin1978, theeconomicsystemhasseengreatchanges.
a.when b.duringwhich c.sincethen d.sincewhen
17.booksbringusintothepresenceofthegreatestminds haveeverlived.
a.which b.who c.不填 d.that
18.theworld ismadeupofmatter.
a.inthatwelive b.onwhichwelive
c.wherewelivein d.welivein
19.davidissuchagoodboy alltheteacherslike.
a.that b.who c.as d.whom
20.isthisthereason atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?
a.heexplained b.whatheexplained
c.howheexplained d.whyheexplained
21.hewasveryangryandicanstillremembertheway hespoketome.
a.how b.that c.what d.which共
22.that’sthenewmachine partsaretoosmalltobeseen.
a.that b.which c.whose d.what
23.i’vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschool -------imetintheenglishspeechcontestlastyear.
a.who b.where c.when d.which
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