非谓语的定义
位置 执行者及与其关系 结合位置讨论动作的时间性
1. 主语
1)doing learningenglishisimportant.
yourlearningenglishisimportant.
forthemtohavebeeninvitedtothepartyisnice.
todo tolearnenglishisimportant.
forachinesetoenglishisimportant.
note: a) itis itisnouse/good notanygood/use
b) toplaybasketballthisafternoon
playingbasketball isfun.
惯用语
thereisnodoing
thereisnoplayingfootballduringthebreaksintheschool.
there/it’snouse/good notanyuse/good uselessdoing
havedifficultytroubleahardtime fun indoing
comeneartodoing
hecameneartobeingknockeddown.
2. 表语
myjobisteachingforeignerschinese./
themissionistoteachforeignerschinese.
whatiwanttodois(to)helpyou.
heissurprised.thestoryisinteresting.
3. 宾语
宾语
短语的宾语
objectto,devotedto,lookforwardto,besentencedto,beusedto,leadto,stickto,prefer…to,referto,fallto,taketo,give…to…,seeto,beopposedto,bereducedto,contributeto(促使),owingto,dueto,nextto,asto,getdownto(开始认真对待),getaroundto(找到时间去。。。)
dedicateto givewayto befamiliarto applyoneselfto cometo addto inadditionto keepto lookupto(尊敬) standupto (勇敢面对)
cf, agreetodo agreetodoing
beaccustomedtodo beaccustomedtodoing
名词+to后跟动名词
keyto,memorialto,monumentto,damageto,dedicationto,devotionto,solutionto,wayto,serviceto,visitto,additionto,entranceto,answerto,clueto,cueto,payattentionto共
动名词动词后作宾语
admit,advise,allow,appreciate,avoid,complete,consider,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,forbid,forgive,imagine,involve,keep,mention,mind,miss,postpone,practice,resist,risk,suggest,permit,prevent,fancy,understand
burstout,feellike,giveup,can’thelp,leaveoff(戒除)putoff
不定式动词后作宾语
afford,agree,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,care(wouldyoucaretoseeme?)choose,dare,decide,expect,fail,happen,help,hesitate,hope,manage,offer,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,/stand,wish,claim,bother,prove,determine,learn,long,plan,tend,volunteer,
不定式/动名词都可做宾语无区别
begin,start,continue,neglect,beaccustomed,can’tbearintend
不定式/动名词都可做宾语有区别
proposedoing 提议 proposetodo 打算
rememberforget
heforgot_______(lock)thedoorthatmorning.hereturnedhomeonlytofindthathehadremembered_______(lock)thedoor.
goon
regret
stop
try
mean
likelovehate
need,wantrequiredeserve
can’thelp
动名词的完成式用于作宾语时,-ing和havingdone 一般没有区别,除了:
iamsure of hispassingtheexam./hishavingpassedtheexam.
4. 定语
doing 与所修饰的名词没有逻辑关系,表示用途
readingroom dininghall chewinggum paintingbrush sewingmachine
dancinggirl thegirldancing
surprised surprising
单个作前置
hereisabook tobewrittennextyear. themandancingthereismyclassmates.
beingwrittennow. todanceattheeveningismyclassmates
writtenlastyear. thefirst/best/lastpersontocome
towrite
next,second,last,only和nota,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。
1) thisisthebestplacetolearnenglish. (time,chance,moment,way)\\
2) idon’ttrusthispromisetocomeforavisit.
不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如:共
ability能力,本领drive赶,驾驶movement运动,活动
ambition抱负,野心effort努力,尝试need需要,需求
campaign战役,运动failure失败,不及格opportunity机会
chance机会force力,压力,要点promise许诺,希望
courage勇气intention意向,意图reason理由,原因
decision决定method方法,方式light光,光线,亮光
determination决心,决定motive动机,目的struggle奋斗,努力,
tendency倾向,趋势wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5. 状语
1.位置
定语 状语 表语 宾语补足语
所修饰的词 主语 主语 宾语
seeingthepolice,thethiefranaway.
havinghadthemeal,hewenttothestudy.
seenbythepolice,thethiefranaway.
havingbeenoperatedon,thepatientwassenttotheward.
heworkshardjusttosupportthewholefamily.
hewentthereonlytofindtherewasnooneleft.
footballisplayedinmosteuropeancountries,thusmakingitmostpopular.
状语 结果状语 soastodo so…..asto too…..to enough…to
thusdoing
目的状语 todo inordertodo soastodo
havingdone done beingdone done
when,asif,while,if,evenif,although,once,unless,until引导分词
if_____(arrive)earlytomorrow,wecangoswimming.
theemperorwalkedinthestreet,_____.
a.withnothingon b.notwearinganything c.havingnothingon d.withoutanythingworn
timepermitting,iwilldropinatmyteacher’s.
theteacherbeingill,theclasswasdismissed.
with + n. n./adj./adv./p.p/ing/todo/done
withnoonehisfriend,hefeltquitelonely.
宾语补足语
分词作宾语补足语
see,hear,watch,find,feel,catch,
get,keep,have,make,set,
不定式作宾语补足语
1.v+o+todo
advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel(强迫),encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,hate,help,instruct,intend,invite,like,love,mean,need,oblige,order,permit,persuade,prefer,recommend,remind,request,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,want,warn,wish,prepare共
2.assume,believe,consider,feel,know,suppose,thinksb.tobe./havebeen/bedoing
3.没to see,hear,watch,find,feel notice,observe,listento,lookat,
have,let, make get,lkeep,set
havesb.do/doing/done
havefoodtoeat
havefoodeaten.
likeneedorderwantwishsth.(tobe)done.
省略to的不定式
feelhearlistentomakelethaveseewatchnoticeobservelookat
makelethave
wouldratherdothando ratherthando hadbetterdo
except besides but
whynotdo whydo
whathedoesiscollectsomestamps.
help(to)do helpsb.(to)do
常用不定式进行和完成式的情况
1.appear happen,seem,prove, claim,pretend besaid,reported,believed,supposed,known,sure,certain,thought,consideredexpected likely
2.形容词后
3.表示过去落空的愿望
wouldlikewas,expect,intend,hope,mean,plan,promise,suppose,think,want,wish+tohavedone
垂悬式不定式
totellthetruth, tobeplainwithyou,toreturntothesubject,tochangethesubject,needlesstosay,tomakemattersworse/better, tobebrief,tobeginwith,tobefrank,
generally/broadly/strictly/frankly/honestlyspeaking, talkingof/speakingof/considering/concerning/regarding/seeing(既然)provided/providingsupposing judgingfrom
不用冠词的单数名词情况
1. gotoschool
2. fatherandson
3. teacherasheis
4. kind/sort/type/varietyofbook
5. john,headofthedepartment,
6. turnteacher
7. guninhand
共